Napoleon Essay -- essays research papers

Direction to Freedom or Just Another Tyrant?      When a great many people consider Napoleon Bonaparte they consider either a dictator ruler or a splendid war tactician. Possibly both are correct yet in whatever end any individual comes to, they will realize he was a little man who achieved numerous extraordinary things. Napoleon vanquished nations and built up a mass realm, which prompted his big name like notoriety. He was a man that regarded societies and each religion and even cried when his men kicked the bucket on the combat zone. Bonaparte was an astonishing individual who drove himself with extraordinary aspiration to get probably the best head ever.  â â â â In life each incredible pioneer has had their own story to tell. Napoleon was brought into the world a Corsican, at Ajaccio, in 1769. He had seven siblings and sisters and he was likewise a descendent from the Florentine respectability. He moved to France and began school at nine years old. At school he was singled out due to his Italian pronunciation and in view of his influent French. At the point when he turned sixteen he joined the French big guns and turned into a lieutenant in a brief timeframe. Napoleon went through the following seven years perusing crafted by savants and teaching himself in military issues, by contemplating the crusades of extraordinary military pioneers of the past. He at that point turned into a general and afterward in 1795 was selected to stop an uprising in Paris and withdrew in doing as such. In the wake of halting the uprising he was then given the situation of president of the inside French armed force in Italy. In 1799 he was chosen as the First Consul of France in light of the fact that the individuals were tired of the catalog. He ascended in power in the military and furthermore strategically. He at that point shaped his own realm and won numerous fights with his brightness.      Bonaparte was a savvy man with an extrodinary memory, while remaining extremely receptive toward different people’s convictions. As Vox states â€Å"When he had an hour for preoccupation, he not rarely utilized it in investigating a book of logarithms [†¦]. So retentive was his memory of numbers, that entireties over which he had once looked his eye were in his psyche ever after (69).† If I lived in his realm I would in any event regard Napoleon for his splendor, his capacity to remember data, and his will to find out additional. In spite of the fact that, Napoleon despite everything remained imperfect. He was still just human ... ...gh his amazingly fruitful Italian crusades, his progressive changes in the French government and fights against the Third Coalition Napoleon gave France complete mastery over Western Europe. France at that point turned into an extraordinary country in light of Napoleon’s brightness and accomplishments as a pioneer. Works Citied Blair, Victor. Napoleon, The Man, Encapsulated. 10 Dec. 2002  â â â â Britt, Alber Sidney. The Wars of Napoleon. New Jersey: Avery Publishing Group Inc.,  â â â â 1985 Holtman, Robert. Napoleonic Propaganda. New York: Greenwood Press Publishers, 1969 Holtman, Robert. The Napoleonic Revolution. New York: J.B. Lippincott Company,  â â â â 1967 Markham, Felix. Napoleon and the Awakening of Europe. London: The English      Universities Press Ltd., 1954 Mill operator, Tom. Prior to Brumaire: Napoleon’s Development as a Ruler. 10 Dec. 2002  â â â â Naylor, John. Waterloo. London: Pan Books Ltd., 1960 Vance, Thomas. The Lost Voices of Napoleonic Historians. 10 Dec. 2002  â â â â Vox, Maximilien. Napoleon. New York: Grove Press Inc., 1960

Chicago Analysis

â€Å"Chicago† Analysis â€Å"Chicago† via Carl Sandburg is a sonnet written to portray the regular daily existences of Chicagoans. Sandburg utilizes beautiful gadgets, for example, comparisons, embodiment, and symbolism to underline portions of the sonnet, which causes him show his affection and pride for the city of Chicago. Symbolism had a significant impact in the sonnet since it gave the peruser a picture in there leader of the city and the earth with the individuals who lived there.The fundamental reason for this sonnet is to safeguard the basic speculations that are coordinated toward the city of Chicago. Sandburg discusses the defilement of the city, which shows he speaks the truth about what he says, yet additionally calls attention to the imperfections of different urban communities and their kin. He likewise calls attention to that despite the fact that Chicago is degenerate and terrible outwardly, it despite everything has great individuals within. In the pr incipal refrain Carl Sandburg gives insights regarding the occupations of the city and the things generally saw about it.The first verse expresses the name HOG butcher of the world which gives the individual a picture of a butcher in the city; it additionally states toolmakers, Stacker of wheat and railroad laborers. The subtleties of the city make you think about a turbulent, imposing, fighting, city with large shoulders. This all implies the city is blustery, brimming with contenders and obliteration. Symbolism in the sonnet express that things are brilliant and out spoken in the city however despite the fact that the city is viewed as dull and shrewdness outwardly it’s individuals are exceptionally splendid and loaded up with bliss. Chicago† is loaded up with embodiment. Before the finish of the sonnet, Chicago is by all accounts much more like a man than like a city. It has shoulders, a heart, a heartbeat, and it chuckles. Sandburg paints a representation of a city that is, here and there, extremely human. It's defective and it's wonderful, it's harsh and extraordinary. It's energetic and flexible. Notably, the most ideal route for Sandburg to understand the city is to contrast it with an individual, that way we have an edge of reference for all the lovely, solid, messiness.Lines 1-5 is the ideal model for a representation. â€Å"Here, the city is depicted as different kinds of laborers; it is a hoard butcher and a toolmaker, etc. The city takes after the very individuals who live in it. † In the sonnet â€Å"Chicago† Carl Sandburg utilizes comparisons to make a thought in the perusers mind. For instance Sandburg writes,†Fierce as a pooch with tongue lapping for activity as a savage set in opposition to the wild. † Here the writer need to contrast the city of Chicago with a furious dog.This truly enables the peruser to envision Chicago as a wild and insane city that is good to go. Sandburg works superbly on exhibiting his affection and pride for the city of Chicago. The graceful gadgets not just make the sonnet much progressively reasonable, yet in addition all the more intriguing. The embodiments Sandburg utilizes cause the city to appear to be a man. He additionally utilizes incredible analogies to contrast Chicago with different spots (which is almost incomprehensible), and symbolism to enable the individuals who to have never been to Chicago comprehend what Chicago resembles.

The effects of single Parenting in women House-Holds Essay Example for Free

The impacts of single Parenting in ladies House-Holds Essay Dynamic This exposition centers around the issue of single child rearing as one of the best family issues. A solitary parent is a parent who lives with at least one kids without the second parent it could be either a father or a mother. Generally the meaning of single child rearing relies upon the nearby laws all through various states, however there are different conditions too that could prompt single child rearing, for instance if a parent is disregarded in the wake of getting separated, on the off chance that one of the parent just leaves the family or the kid, on the off chance that one of the parent is put to the prison or bites the dust. Here and there the single parent probably won't be the genuine dad or mother of the youngster, a few people choose to receive a kid or become a parent through implantation of children or simply deal with a relative kid, who was surrendered by his genuine guardians. The family unit of a solitary parent is totally different from a typical family. However, all the conditions are unmistakable, a few Parents choose to become single guardians on the off chance that they see a relationship isn't working out in a good way or on the off chance that they see there may be a great deal of family issues that may influence the kid, and some need to do it if something happens like the passing of a the subsequent parent. There are a great deal of negative impacts about being a solitary parent. For instance, settling on choices can be extremely hard once in a while and more often than not guardians need that second individual there to have the option to settle on the best choice that will profit the kid and the parent. Much of the time single guardians don't have adequate chance to do all the house work and this includes kids from the early age in doing house occupations which removes time from them to accomplish school work or different things. Single guardians need to advise the greater part of house issues to a kid which doesn’t not help the kid, they need to talk about these issues like if the youngster was a grown-up. In the event that the other parent is alive they need to make the courses of action to take the kid either to the next parent’s house or to imprison if the parent is in prison which isn't acceptable in light of the fact that theâ child won't have a steady home life an d this will create turmoil. Single child rearing beginnings with the separation of a couple who have youngsters, with the passing of a parent deserting of a kid or numerous different reasons. The majority of the guardians that become single guardians are ladies. Non-custodial dads for the most part don’t have a lot of association with their youngsters, and commitment normally decays as time passes by I have seen this a great deal in my activity since I work with kids I have perceived how a few guardians simply disregard their kids generally the male guardians disregard their child and quits speaking with them . Since most single-parent families are females their pay are less that of a man, this causes monetary issues on the mother and the youngster has less open doors on being engaged with exercises after school or sports. Monetary restrictions may restrain development improving encounters of a kid. Indeed, even the kids that their dads pay their youngster bolster watch that they’re committed to pay month to month despite everything see impediments on outside exercises. In any case, there are a great deal of guardians that don't pay their month to month youngster bolster checks to their kids which makes it much harder for a sin gle parent. A ton of youngsters emphatically hate divorces in light of the fact that having the most notable individuals throughout your life live isolated influences their lives incredibly. For certain kids, separate isn't something that they will disregard rapidly, yet it’s something that will influence them for the remainder of their lives. This is a horrendous encounter for the youngster since it disregards them feeling, as though no one on the planet thinks about them. I have encountered this a great deal too in my activity. I have a great deal of kids that look for my consideration a ton, and I additionally have a ton of youngsters that call me â€Å"dad† in light of the fact that they don’t have the male figure in their family. Single child rearing influences every kid distinctively relying upon the childs age which extends in four phases; babies, small kids, the primary young and youngsters. Newborn children and small kids can feel relinquished by the choice of guard ians to get separated. The majority of them have to feel, hear, and see the two guardians so as to bond with their folks. This association is significant for the parent and youngster relationship later on in the childs life â€Å"is the test for young kids, who are figuring out how to make things use devices, and get aptitudes for the grown-up life, kids who bomb these exercises of authority and fitness may come out of this stage feeling lacking and inferior† (Erikson 1950). Child rearing is difficult at this ageâ because this little youngster requires a ton of affection, and consideration from the guardians if a kids bombs in a circumstance like this it’s difficult for the kids to get support since the parent scarcely possesses energy for the kid. Single guardians don’t have the opportunity to give the proper measure of affection and consideration since they are compelled to work and deal with the home obligations alone and the parent turns out to be worried since they stress over their youngsters getting satisfactory consideration. Family association has changed has changed a great deal over the most recent fifty years as indicated by the examination done. With higher rates of marriage finishing off with separate from single parent families are developing rapidly. â€Å"Seventy percent of the considerable number of youngsters will burn through all or part of their lives in a solitary parent household† (Lindblad-Goldberg, M. 1989). These investigations show that the offspring of single child rearing families are influenced enormously in a negative manner. Ladies head most of single-parent families and subsequently, youngsters experience numerous social issues from growing up without a dad. A portion of these issues incorporate absence of monetary help and different enthusiastic issues by not having a dad around, which may add to issues further down the road. One of the issues that they may confront are outrage gives a ton of the male young men that I guide have a ton of outrage issues and I accept that the reason for these issues is the missing of the male figure which is an image of expert in the house. Today, most scientists express that the two models were not exactly right are as yet not right at this point. During the years 1860-1920 the dark foreigner families couldn't manage the cost of just a single worker for the family and these goals were suitable just for white collar class families. Continuously 18 93 an ever increasing number of ladies were taking up employments and the quantity of separations expanded. â€Å"In 1950 †about 22% families had both working guardians, in 1980 †the number expanded to 42 %† (Morgan, K. 1993) Since the year 1980 the separation rates were twice as large as in the past. This implies around 33% of all kids lived in single parent families or in supportive families. The factual examinations around then indicated that 25 % of all families didn’t have kids at all 25% of all families lived in couples 25% of families were going by females 4 % of families were broadened (Lindblad Goldberg, M.1989). We can go to a suspicion that just as the family standards were changing, the measure of single-parent families were evolving as well. If we somehow managed to check the quantity of single parents in theâ difference to single parents â€Å"the proportion is nine to one† ( Ceballo, R., Borquez, J. 1994) that implies that kids as a rule are left with their mom rather than their dads. In my activity the majority of the occasions all I see are single youthful moms rather than single parents dealing with their kids which demonstrate this proportion. Plainly moms are normally ne arer to their youngsters and care increasingly about their kids, however there are a few special cases, yet there are a ton of troubles that single parents need to confront. The issues of pay are very hard for single parents headed family units. All low profit cash families have financial issues, yet in instances of single parent child rearing ladies need to bring up their kids on these issues. Studies indicated that â€Å"about 50 % of all family units in destitution were female-headed. It isn't simply because of low wages that ladies get, however for the most part as a result of the absence of another workers in the family, accordingly there are situations when kids begin to work right off the bat so as to help their mothers† (Amato, P. R. 1993). This influences youngsters a ton when they need to proceed to work at an early age it influences their examinations and it keeps them from doing any extracurricular movement after school or take part in any games group. These examinations show that the wages of ladies from single female-headed families and from two-parent family units are comparable, however ladies from single female-headed family units needed to take extra hours or even work more than one employment to help the family. There is regularly an issue of single parents among young people. Little youngsters are left with their children and their dads simply vanish. At that point there are a great deal of issues associated with fund as well as numerous others as well.The monetary circumstance isn't that difficult by African-American single parents, as the level of their pay to the entire pay of the family was greater, yet they have minimal opportunity to get any youngster bolster cash or other state installments. About â€Å"25% of Spanish families in Los Angeles, California and Arizona were going by ladies, about 17.3 % of Hispanic family units additionally had a female head† (Morgan, K. 1993). To make an inference to this part we should make reference to that the instances of female-headed families happen all the more regularly, the issues they face are absence of funds and the need to invest significantly more of energy at work. Fathers make about 13% of single guardians in the USA. As of now fathers are increasingly used to play some female jobs at home. They are progressively engaged with their youngsters and in house responsibilitie

The Role of Afro-Cubans in the Formation of Cuba Essays -- History Cub

The Role of Afro-Cubans in the Formation of Cuba Presentation In the development of the Cuban country, the job of Afro-Cubans is verifiably vital. The achievement and wealth acquired by Cuba as a Spanish state would have been unimaginable without the misuse of African slave work. Indeed, even before liberation, there were key figures in the Cuban autonomy development, for example, Antonio Maceo, who were free men of Afro-Cuban root. After liberation in 1886, Afro-Cuban ex-slaves indicated their excitement for their future in Cuba by chipping in enormous numbers to battle in the Liberation Army. However in the triumph over the Spanish in 1898, Afro-Cubans were given little acknowledgment for their staggering help, and were circumvent for places of power during the American occupation. The Americans by and large designated white Cuban outcasts or Spanish troopers over Afro-Cubans, annihilating the expectations many had of at long last accepting their legitimate offer, in the expressions of antiquarian Aline Helg. Helg’s book Our Rightful S hare: The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886-1912, talks about these rehashed frustrations felt by Afro-Cubans. In 1902 Cubans were finally allowed to oversee themselves, and a constitution was drafted proclaiming all men equivalent, and giving widespread male testimonial. However whites despite everything ruled the places of intensity in Cuba, and legitimized themselves by holding fast to a legend that racial fairness had been set up (Helg, 70). Disappointed with their parcel, Afro-Cubans again took an interest in enormous numbers in an insurgency, this time under the liberal Jose Miguel Gomez, who guaranteed them improved portrayal in government positions. Following the failure encompassing the 1908 races, Afro-Cubans started to d... ...top yielding everything to benefit Cuba. They needed to cherish themselves and perceive their own worth; at that point they needed to adore their families, at that point, their race; and afterward, simply after this, their country (241). The legend, or perhaps perfect of racial equity and solidarity had been overlooked. The disappointment of Afro-Cubans to achieve correspondence in Cuba was the consequence of a supremacist cultural progressive system ruled by a white high society. The more Afro-Cubans pushed for changes, the more whites stood up to. In the end, Afro-Cuban strategies turned out to be progressively radical, which prompted the savage reaction to the Partido Independiente de Color. The perfect of crew between the races, held by the Cuban progressive legends Maceo and Marti, couldn't endure. Assets Helg, Aline. Our Rightful Share: The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886-1912. UNC Press, Chapel Hill, 1995.

Personhood Chart Humanism As Materialism

Question: Depict about the Personhood Chart for Humanism as Materialism. Answer: Personhood Chart This graph contains a lattice for various philosophical anthropologies that answer the topic of personhood. Complete the accompanying diagram with regards to characterizing being human as per Christianity, Materialism, and your very own View. Allude to the doled out perusing for clarification of attributes recorded on the left. Christianity Realism Individual View Social People are increasingly identified with God and must see themselves in the light of humankind as opposed to according to creatures. Matter made of particles,. It is a long way from the idea of morals. Sentiments excessively made up of dainty nuclear layer (Thebible.net, 2016) A human must have positive connection towards every one of that encompasses it, particularly with the god-like Multidimensional The characteristic of being having mentalities towards god, spirits and humanity. Having such various measurements (Ministry Magazine, 2016) A human is he who gives materialistic reaction through neuron fervor to multidimensional upgrade A human is one who host of abilities, including in multidimensional exercises, lives completely Sexual It is divine beings blessing and the had sexuality of people is finished when puts inverse to the next sex People treat other genders decidedly to get private diversion. They have faith in a greater amount of compromise theory (Thebible.net, 2016) The sexual methodology which establishes a human must be of the stylish and otherworldly nature, at that point just it prompts fulfillment of human spirits Moral It is human to be good. The tendency of good ethics, great idea, acts and conduct is the thing that makes a human (Ministry Magazine, 2016) Realism focuses that people represent material gains and have no through and through freedom. Moral duty is the most noteworthy. Along these lines, an individual is an element with unblemished character; solid beliefs; great Karma or Actions Mortal Human methods mortal; an inhale contained in a human body which gives it life vitality The iotas decay the body goes vain. The human is mortal; its demonstrations and thought undying Bound for Eternal Life God - like personal satisfaction, experienced forever (Ministry Magazine, 2016) Low reality of endless lives because of people endeavors to lead lives in most extreme delight Unceasing life is the genuine that remaining parts. Accordingly a human is he who accepts this as his lifes point. References: Thebible.net,. (2016). Humanism as Materialism. Recovered 29 March 2016, from https://www.thebible.net/biblicaltheism/materialface.htm Service Magazine,. (2016). The Christian perspective on human life - Ministry Magazine. Recovered 29 March 2016, from https://www.ministrymagazine.org/chronicle/1991/08/the-christian-perspective on human-life

To a mouse (or nineteen)

To a mouse (or nineteen) But Mousie, thou are no thy-lane, In proving foresight may be vain: The best laid schemes o Mice an Men, Gang aft agley, An leae us nought but grief an pain, For promisd joy! This entry is a eulogy for my nineteen behavior mice, as I am done testing them and they are to be euthanized sometime in the next few days. (Insert me pretending that Im not actually sad here.) In their honor, today Im going to talk about one of the projects Ive been working on at my UROP for the past two years. So first, some background. A scaffold protein, as the name suggests, is a protein whose major function is to serve as a structural base which recruits and connects other types of proteins. (I made that figure myself, in Paint. Pretend you couldnt tell.) Shank1 is such a scaffold protein. It was discovered and characterized by Morgan, the professor whose lab I work in. Lots of things are known about Shank1, but lots of things arent known, so Morgan told my postdoc, an MD/PhD named Albert, to make a knockout mouse which had no copies of Shank1. Whats known about Shank1 is that its a scaffold protein found in the post-synaptic density (PSD) of neurons. It links several types of proteins, including other scaffold proteins and receptors, which suggests that its important for maintaining the strength of dendritic spines. (If this is all too confusing, the bottom line is that Shank1 seems to be involved somehow in changing neurons so theyll remember stuff.) So the knockout mice were born, and they looked normal and squeaked and ate food and everything. So far, so good. Albert decided that he should test them to see if their memory was any different from that of their normal brothers (who do have the Shank1 gene). There are several different tests of rodent memory, the most widely-used/reliable/easy of which is the Morris water maze. In a nutshell, you put the mouse into a kiddie pool of water and teach him that theres a platform he can swim to and climb on. Mice can swim, but they dont like to, so he learns pretty quickly that he should find the platform and get out of the pool and get a towel and a slice of pizza and flirt with the lifeguard. Then, being the mean and nasty biologist that you are, you switch the visible platform for a clear one (or remove it altogether) and see if the mouse still remembers where he should go. Well, unfortunately for our knockouts, removing Shank1 makes you a little clumsy for our mice, a consequence of this is that they are hopelessly bad swimmers. One almost drowned. I think Albert had to give him CPR. So instead, we used the eight-arm radial maze task. First, you put the mouse on a diet enough so that hes not starving, but hes definitely in the mood to look for a snack. Then you bait two specific arms in the maze with two pieces of sugary chow (Ive tasted it. A little sweet, but definitely not people food). Over the course of many (many, many) trials, the mouse learns which arms are baited. Some of them get really good at it and theyll never make an error by going into the wrong arm. So generally, when you go around knocking out genes in the brain, you end up making really tragically dumb mice. This is sort of sensible after all, if you went around taking out random parts from your cars engine, it probably wouldnt run as well. Well, my knockout mice arent like that. For some reason (and if you want the reasons, you can read the paper were writing about it), taking Shank1 out of the brain makes the knockouts a lot smarter than their wildtype brothers. The result obviously isnt what we expected (see the Robert Burns poem above about the best laid schemes o Mice an Men), but its such an exciting result! The paper based on this work is currently in submission to Cell, which is one of the top three journals in biology. And I get to be co-author! Undergraduate research rules. Anyway, my behavior mice did a good job. And I, for one, am proud of them.

As a brand manager how would you build a brand - Free Essay Example

Introduction The American Marketing Association (1960, pp. 9-10), stated one of the first definitions of a brand. They stated that a brand was a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors (AMA, 1960, pp. 9-10). Unfortunately, due to this definition being very product-orientated with a lack of definition for visual features, it was heavily criticised by a various amount of academics (Arnold, 1992; Crainer, 1995). Since then, the definition of brand has been adapted to a more modern form. Many research academics offer a variant of the definition (Aaker, 1991; Doyle, 1994; Kotler, et al., 1996; Stanton, et al., 1991), with most of these using the revised version provided by Bennett (1988, p. 18) a brand is a name, term, design, symbol or any other feature that identifies one sellers good or service as distinct from those of other sellers. There have been a vast variety of other brand definitions, with some being more customer-orientated and others being more product orientated, but Bennett provides a simple and sophisticated definition on what a brand is. A strong brand can offer a variety of benefits for a company as it can be used to differentiate between competitive offering s. This can allow a brand to become a critical factor for the success of a company. The majority of companies will seek to maintain an incredibly strong and positive brand that can identify with customers on a personal level. This report will conduct an in-depth exploration into the various factors that constitute a successful brand, and how a company can build a strong brand. With brand image being such an integral force on a companys success, it is imperative that they successfully create and manage their brand. A variety of factors that can impact on the creation and maintenance of a brand will be explored, included brand identity, brand image, brand equity, brand congruence, co-branding and the evaluation of brand performance. Brand Identity A company should be have a clear, defined strategy on what their brand identity is meant to be. Kapferer (2012, p. 156) provides an excellent framework that allows a company to measure and decide on their brand identity. It measures brand identity on six levels, these are; Physique Relationship Reflection Personalit Culture Self-Image A company may seek to favour some of these factors more than others, or they will attempt to balance their brand identity amongst all of the factors. This is largely dependent on the industry in which the company operates. A company like Apple may focus on self-image, relationships and personality, whereas Marks Spencers would be more concerned with self-image, relationship and culture. Furthermore, Aaker (1997) conducted a detailed study to define five brand characteristics that can help develop a companys brand identity or personality. The definition of brand personality is the set of human characteristics associated with a brand (Aaker, 1997, p. 347). The use of brand personalities has become more common because consumers often associate brands with human personality traits. Aaker (1997) defined the five brand characteristics as; Sincerity: Down-to-earth, honest, wholesome and cheerful. Excitement: Daring, spirited imaginative and up-to-date. Competence: Reliable, intelligent and successful. Sophistication: Upper class and charming Ruggedness: Outdoorsy and tough. Brand characteristics can be used to compare personalities of brands across product categories, thereby enabling researchers to identify benchmark personality brands (Aaker, 1997, p. 354). Brand Image A companys brand image can be measured through a variety of channels. One of these channels is in a literal sense, and is through the use of a logo. The American Marketing Association defines a logo as (AMA, 2015) a graphic design that is used as a continuing symbol for a company, organization, or brand. It is often in the form of an adaptation of the company name or brand name or used in conjunction with the name. Furthermore, Budelmann, et al., (2010, p. 7) define a logo as a graphic representation of a brandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a logo is a picture that represents the collection of experiences that forms a perception in the mind of those who encounter an organization. A logo can be used to portray a brands identity through the use of imagery, and allow a company to spread their brand awareness via a constant icon. However, brand image is not only related to a company logo. It is also how consumers perceive a product or service that a company has to offer (Levy, 1978). This is strong ly related to the brand identity or personality traits that a company attempts to adopts. However, the brand identity will be what the company is trying to achieve, whereas brand image is generally in regards to the consumers perception of a brand (Dobni Zinkhan, 1990). Brand Equity A companys brand equity can be measured through a variety of methods. Feldwick (1996) identifies three main factors on how a company can measure their brand equity. These are; stating the total brand as a separable asset on the balance sheet, the level of strength of a consumers attachment to a brand and a description of the beliefs the consumer has about a brand. Different companies will measure their brand equity in different ways. Activision Blizzard value the goodwill of their company at approximately  £7bn (Blizzard, 2014, p. 93), which will include how much they believe their brand equity to be. Keller (1993) takes a more consumer-based approach to brand equity, suggesting that brand equity represents a condition where the customer is familiar with the brand, and recalls a favourable, strong brand association. This approach would be more concerning to a brand manager, as they would have to build a brand that is attractive to the target audience of the company. Furth ermore, it would also mean that the company should be offered positive service quality, as brand equity can be heavily dependent on a consumers past experience with a company. This attitude allows brand equity to be very subjective and personal, meaning it is hard to measure or manage by a brand manager. Co-branding Co-Branding is a relatively recent branding strategy, with its original formation thought to be in the 1990s. One of the first research studies to be conducted on co-branding was by Norris (1992) who investigated brand alliance within the field of brand ingredients. As competition becomes even stronger within markets, and with the introduction of more and more companies, the use of co-branding is becoming a more prominent strategy for companies to undertake (Washburn, et al., 2004). Co-branding strategies are being implemented through a variety of markets, from Betty Crocker and Hersheys to Dell and Intel processors. A co-branding strategy represents a long-term brand alliance strategy in which one product is branded and identified simultaneously by two brands (Helmig, et al., 2008, p. 360). Furthermore, there are four fundamental characteristics that compose co-branded products, these are: Participating brands should be independent before, during, and after the offering of the co-branded product (Ohlwein Schiele, 1994). The co-branding strategy should be implemented on purpose (Blackett Russel, 1999). Co-operation between two brands should be visible to potential customers (Rao, 1997). One product must be combined with two other brands at the same time (Hillyer Tikoo, 1995). If all four of these core characteristics are successfully implemented in a co-branding strategy, then it can provide a variety of benefits for all organisations involved. A co-branding strategy helped Kwik Shop stores appeal to all age groups and to offer a range of healthful to indulgent eating options (Odesser-Torpey, 2015, p. 1). This is because it teams up and co-brands with a variety of restaurants across Iowa. This co-branding strategy helped the company grow its revenues, along with improving their brand image and spreading brand awareness. This would be a great success for any brand manager, however deciding on which companies to co-brand with, and how to successfully implement the strategy can be very difficult. There has also been a growing interest in the co-branding of corporate brands and social or cause-related brands (Simmons Becker-Olson, 2006; Dickinson Barker, 2007). This is because a cause-related brand can bring a corporate brand a Fair Trade value, a safe ty and ethical guarantee that they are beyond the level corporate brands can usually offer (Senechal, et al., 2013, p. 367). Many brand managers will use this strategy to simplify the companys co-branding strategies, as being associated with fair trade usually offers an instant positive reception and increased brand awareness. The main purpose for companies to pursue a co-branding strategy is to increase customer awareness and perception of certain products. Prior research has concluded that pre-existing attitudes of one brand can be passed on and related to brands within the co-branding alliance (Simonin Ruth, 1998). Dickinson Barker (2007) highlighted that the existence of such a positive transfer between brands is one of the key motives for a company to follow a co-branding strategy. Evaluation of Brand Performance Although a brand manager may be able to successfully identify the companys brand identity, and successfully market this brand image, they must also be able to monitor and evaluate their brand performance. There has been a direct link between brand performance and an increase in market share, premium pricing strategies and an increase in customer loyalty (Chaudhuri Holbrook, 2001). This highlights the significant impact that branding has on a companys financial and operational success. Brand performance is generally measured through two methods, brand profitability performance and brand market performance. Profitability performance tries to relate a brand to revenues, whereas market performance is how the brand has impacted market share or sales volume (Chirani, et al., 2012). However, a company can combine both of these factors by monitoring market share, price and distribution coverage as indices for brand performance. If a brand is performing successfully then a company would expect an increase in market share and profitability. There is definitely a variety of factors that can be accounted for by brand performance, and all have an intrinsic part to play in a companys success. It is for this reason that a company will hire a brand manager to construct, maintain and monitor a brand profile, in the hopes of increasing profitability and market share. Conclusion There are a variety of frameworks and theories that a brand manager can utilise to successfully create a strong brand for a company. With branding being strongly linked with market and financial performance, it is imperative that a brand manager use these theories to their advantage. Furthermore, they can systemically go through the various theories to build and monitor a strong brand. The brand identity and personality is the first stage to achieving this, and should be decided by the managers of a company. These traits would be heavily dependent on the products a company make, or the market they operate in. A brand manager will want to ensure that the perceived brand image of a company is in-line with the brand identity that managers were wanting to achieve. As the brand identity should be a reflection of the products that a company produces, this should already partly be met. However, the brand manager should ensure that all marketing activities are also centred on promoting the appropriate brand image to coincide with the desired brand identity. After a brand manager has devised a successful brand image, they should continue to monitor the brands equity and performance. The brand equity can be measured via the balance sheet, but should primarily be valued based on consumer perceptions. As brand equity is heavily tied to customer experience, all employees of a company should ensure they are providing the highest degree of quality possible. 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